Measuring generalised transport costs as an indicator of accessibility changes over time

Accessibility in transport policy documents is usually measured through partial indicators such as road speeds, traffic queues or train fares. In the literature, more advanced indicators are found, based on e.g. market potential or utility-based methods. This paper presents a generalised transport costs indicator for policy making which incorporates financial costs, travel times, and reliability of travel times. It calculates the average costs per kilometre of trips by transport mode, trip purpose, trip distance, region and time-of-day.